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Breadfruit and Six Other Costa Rican Fruits

March 4, 2022

The Tico Times, March 4, 2022

 

Breadfruit	Pineapples

 

What is Breadfruit in Costa Rica: Everything you want to know

By Ed Bernhardt

The Tico Times, March 3, 2022  

Common Name: Breadnut or breadfruit

Spanish Name: Castaña or fruta de pan

Latin Name: Artocarpus altilis

Family: Moraceae

Breadfruit is called fruta de pan, árbol de pan or pan de pobre in Spanish. The seeded variety is known as breadnut, or castaña or ramón in Spanish.

Geo-distribution

The breadfruit is believed to be native to a vast area extending from New Guinea through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to western Micronesia. It is believed to have been distributed in the Pacific area by migrating Polynesians. Hawaiians say it was brought from the Samoan island of Upalu to Oahu in the 12th century. The Spanish were the first to transplant the breadnut tree from the Philippines to Mesoamerica.

The story of Captain William Bligh’s first voyage to Tahiti on the Bounty in 1787, and the loss of his cargo of 1,015 potted breadfruit plants because of the mutiny of his crew, is well known. He set out again in 1791 and delivered 2,126 plants of five different varieties to Jamaica in February 1793.

Later, immigrants from this island distributed these trees in the Caribbean coastal region of Central America. The breadfruit is more commonly found in coastal regions, while the breadnut has adapted to both the coastal and midrange regions.

Botanical Description

The breadfruit tree is a handsome, fast-growing tree from six to 25 meters tall, often with a smooth, gray trunk buttressed at the base. The leaves are evergreen, ovate, 23-90 centimeters long, and 20-50 cm wide, entire at the base, then more or less deeply cut into five to 11 pointed lobes.

The upper surface is bright green and glossy, with conspicuous yellow veins, and the underside is dull, yellowish and coated with minute, stiff hairs. It is difficult to distinguish between the two types of trees; however, the breadfruit has a soft, white pulp with no seeds, while the breadnut contains many seeds.

The fruit is spherical in shape, five to 30 cm in diameter, with a pattern of conical cells on the surface. It starts out green, turning to yellow-brown when ripe.

Food Uses

The ripe pulp of the breadfruit is eaten raw, baked or steamed, while the chestnut-like seeds of the breadnut are boiled or baked and peeled to provide a nutritious meal.

Breadfruit flour contains 4% protein, 77% carbohydrates and 331 calories per 100 grams. The seedless breadfruit is low in protein compared to the breadnut, which is considerably higher in protein (13%). Both are valuable food crops that can be grown in the orchard.

Medicinal Uses

Older, dried leaves of these trees are used to prepare a tea for the treatment of kidney stones and bladder infections. In Trinidad and the Bahamas, a decoction of the breadfruit leaf is believed to lower blood pressure, and is also said to relieve asthma. Crushed leaves are applied on the tongue as a treatment for thrush.

The leaf juice is employed for earaches. Ashes of burned leaves are used on skin infections. A powder of roasted leaves is employed as a remedy for enlarged spleen.

Toasted flowers are rubbed on the gums around an aching tooth. The latex is used on skin diseases and is bandaged on the spine to relieve sciatica.

Preparation: One large leaf is shredded and boiled in four liters of water for 30 minutes.

Dosage: One to three cups of tea per day.

Notes

These trees can be particularly useful for gardeners in the coastal and midrange zones of Costa Rica; however, because of their large size, they are not recommended for small home lots.

The breadfruit tree can be propagated only from new vegetative shoots that arise from the roots of the mother tree, which is why they are so rare and difficult to acquire. On the other hand, the breadnut is very common in Costa Rica, and the fruits or seeds can often be found in local farmer’s markets, and can be used for planting.

Plant one seed in a plastic nursery bag with fertile soil and water frequently. Young seedling trees prefer partial shade for the first year of growth; then they can be transplanted to permanent sites.

Rich, fertile, soil with wet to moist conditions, such as riverbanks, are best for these trees. It is also important to note that livestock love to eat the leaves, so fencing is essential to protect them in their early stages of development.

What is Breadfruit in Costa Rica: Everything you want to know : (ticotimes.net)

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6 Tropical Foods in Costa Rica you thought you knew

By The Tico Times, March 2, 2022  

Crush Boone/The Tico Times

Shrink-wrapped food in grocery stores is what lots of people think about when they shop for dinner. Whether it’s individually butchered cuts of meat, bushels of fruit or ground spices, sometimes the foods we eat the most are those we know the least about.

Even going to farmers markets in Costa Rica doesn’t tell the whole story. Many of the foods and spices bought in markets are still mostly finished products, sometimes far removed from how they look hanging from a tree or coming out of the ground.

Here are six tropical foods and spices that grow in Costa Rica that you definitely know but probably have never seen au naturel.

1. Cacao

Lindsay Fendt/The Tico Times

Be it a chocolate candy bar or a tin of cocoa, few things travel farther from from their natural state than a cacao pod. The yellow or rusty-colored pods hanging off low trees in clumps look more like alien eggs sacks than the raw ingredient for many people’s favorite sugar fix.

Farmers crack open the pods to get at the white, flesh-covered seeds inside. After a fermentation process, the beans are dried and lightly roasted. The roasted beans are broken up and the hulls separated from the nibs.

At this point the nibs can be eaten as is, as a complex, slightly bitter snack. But before it becomes a chocolate bar, the nibs are crushed into a paste called chocolate liquor and conched with sugar to produce a mix of cocoa butter and cocoa solids that chocolatiers eventually place into molds.

Costa Rica used to be a major producer of cacao but a blight wiped out much of the industry in the 1970s. Today a nascent gourmet cacao industry is starting to get off the ground again, hoping to make cacao as synonymous with Costa Rica as coffee.

2. Cashews

(Via Wikimedia Commons user Ricardo)

Prepare to have your mind blown, dear reader: Cashews aren’t actually nuts, they’re seeds! Cashew trees need roughly three years before they start to produce their yellow or red apple-like fruit and seed.

After the seed is harvested, it’s toasted to open the outer shell to reveal the “nut.” If the shell opens easily without being toasted first, it’s a sign of poor quality. The cashew nuts can be eaten raw or lightly toasted (and tossed in melted butter with crushed red pepper, brown sugar, a touch of salt and rosemary for my own personal favorite preparation).

The cashew “apple” isn’t as well known as the nut — sorry, seed — that shows up in grocery shelves around the world but it, too, is edible. Fruit stands off major highways and carts on the streets of San José occasionally sell the marañón fruit and toasted nuts in long plastic bags.

The sweet fruit has a weak skin though and doesn’t travel well. The apple is soft and juicy with a sweet but astringent taste. Eat too much of it, though, and it’ll leave you with a case of cotton mouth.

Whoever had the idea to look past the oblong, brightly-colored cashew apple and saw that the weird greenish-brown nub growing out of it was the real delicacy deserves a gold star.

3. Coconuts

Alberto Font/The Tico Times

Anyone who spends time at the beach or even in downtown San José on a hot day knows the miracle properties of pipa when it comes to quenching your thirst. But that pipa is actually the same drupe — again, not a nut, who knew! — as the classic small hairy brown three-eyed coconuts that most people think of.

Green pipas are immature coconuts that still have their outer husk attached. Besides the sweet water inside a pipa, the white flesh of a mature coconut can be used for coconut oil, coconut milk and shaved, toasted for the sweet bits on coconut cream pies. Coconut palms can also be harvested when they’re very young for the salad staple, hearts of palm, also known as palmito.

So the next time you’re at the beach you’ll know not to expect a bunch of brown bowling balls up in a palm tree. Just don’t sit under them.

4. Vanilla

(Via Wikimedia Commons user B.navez)

Vanilla is anything but “vanilla.” Think twice the next time you brush over vanilla ice cream because vanilla — real vanilla — is one of the most expensive spices out there. And to class up this under-appreciated spice even more, it comes from an orchid!

Vanilla pods are the seeds of the flat-leaf vanilla orchid that grows in tropical zones, including Costa Rica. The flower is originally from Mexico but grows across Latin America’s tropical zones, Madagascar and the Pacific.

Vanilla orchids are self-pollinating but they’re very fickle. If the flower is not pollinated within a day of opening it falls off, ruining the chance for the bean to form. That means vanilla on any commercial scale must be pollinated by hand as soon as the flowers open.

5. Tapioca

Ed Bernhardt/The Tico Times

Whether it’s the tiny caviar-like pearls in your grandmother’s tapioca pudding or the larger frog-egg variety at the bottom of a cup of boba tea, tapioca comes from cassava root. Tapioca is a starch extracted from the cassava root — which enjoys its own fame as a fried snack on Tico bar menus or mashed up to make enyucados or pastel de yuca — that’s a common dessert ingredient.

But there’s a touch of danger when it comes to tapioca, or the cassava where it comes from at least. If cassava root isn’t cooked properly before eating, it can deliver a deadly dose of cyanide.

6. Pineapples

Ronald Reyes/The Tico Times

Don’t let the “apple” part fool you, this spiny fruit does not grow in trees. Pineapples are actually the fruit of a bromeliad, a plant better known for hanging off trees in the jungle than for sweet, acidic fruit. Costa Rica is one of the world’s biggest producer of pineapples for export.

Harvesting pineapple is back-breaking work. Workers need to trudge through hot fields with no shade and brave the pineapple’s sharp leaves to harvest the golden fruit.

The name for pineapples in Spanish — piña — is also used for the fruit of the agave plant that is fermented to make tequila and mezcal, depending what part of Mexico you’re in.

6 Tropical Foods in Costa Rica you thought you knew : (ticotimes.net)

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